ABSTRACT The effects of dietary digestible protein (DP) levels (22, 26, 29, 32, and 34%) and different stressors (cold-induced stress, CIS; heat/dissolved oxygen-induced stress, HDOIS; transport-induced stress, TIS; and size-sorting-induced stress, SSIS) on hemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated. Four hundred and forty Nile tilapia fingerlings were distributed into 40-250 L aquaria and fed experimental diets for 110 days, and fed each of the five experimental diets, that were randomly distributed to eight replicates per treatment. Then, different groups of fish were subjected to one type of stress. Groups of 40 fish were used on CIS (17 °C), HDOIS (32 °C), and TIS (4 h), and a group of 140 fish on SSIS (15 min air exposure and 60 s handling). There was no effect on hemato-biochemical profile when DP levels were compared, neither before nor after stress; however, there was a significant stress effect. Digestible protein did not mitigate stress response under SSIS and CIS; lymphopenia and neutrophilia were the main cell-mediated immune response; dietary 22 and 26% DP impaired oxygenation on SSIS and TIS; fish under HDOIS and SSIS demanded more energy using triglycerides as an energy source; the diet formulated to contain 22% DP was not adequate to keep homeostasis under temperature stress. Cluster analysis showed that, for DP levels below the requirement for growth, SSIS and CIS were considered the most stressful conditions. At 34% DP level, HDOIS response was comparable to that of non-stressing conditions.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade da proteína, dos aminoácidos e da energia bruta de hidrolisado de fígado e carne suínos pela tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os peixes foram distribuídos em 12 tanques com fundo cônico, em delineamento inteiramente causalizado, tendo sido alimentados com as seguintes três dietas, com quatro repetições cada uma: dieta referência com farinha de soja e de peixe; e duas dietas teste, uma com hidrolisado de fígado suíno e outra com hidrolisado de carne suína. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram elevados para ambos os hidrolisados, tendo sido acima de 83% para matéria seca, 95% para proteína bruta e 92% para energia. Em relação aos aminoácidos, os coeficientes permaneceram entre 98–100% para os dois hidrolisados. Os percentuais de digestibilidade dos hidrolisados foram maiores do que os dos ingredientes proteicos, tanto de origem vegetal como animal, comumente utilizados na fabricação de dietas para esta espécie de peixe. Os hidrolisados testados têm potencial para serem usados na formulação de dietas para tilápia-do-nilo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the digestibility of the protein, amino acids, and gross energy of swine liver and meat hydrolysates by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were distributed into 12 tanks with conical bottoms, in a completely randomized design, and fed with the three following diets, with four replicates each: a reference diet with soybean and fish meal; and two test diets, one with swine liver hydrolysate and the other with swine meat hydrolysate. The coefficients of apparent digestibility were high for both hydrolysates, being above 83% for dry matter, 95% for crude protein, and 92% for gross energy. Regarding amino acids, the coefficients remained at 98–100% for the two hydrolysates. The digestibility percentages of the hydrolysates were higher than those of the protein ingredients, both of plant and animal origin, commonly used in the formulation of diets for this fish species. The tested hydrolysates have potential to be used in the formulation of diets for Nile tilapia.

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating diets containing protein hydrolysate from poultry byproducts and swine liver (PHPPL), at different inclusion levels, for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Seven diets were evaluated, being a negative control (free of both hydrolysate and fishmeal) and positive control (free of hydrolysate but containing fishmeal), besides five diets with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% inclusion of the mixed protein hydrolysate. Significant effects were observed regarding the animals' final length, with higher values with the 1% inclusion level than the negative control. The liver's quantitative evaluation revealed that inclusions above 3% might lead to severe alterations in the organ's morphology. The use of PHPPL in the diets that did not contain fishmeal has shown to be effective in maintaining the performance parameters of Nile tilapia. Thus, its use is recommended considering an inclusion level of 3%.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os componentes da dieta - fibra bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina - como indicadores internos na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da energia bruta e dos nutrientes - proteína bruta, fósforo e aminoácidos - em tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Grupos de dez juvenis (80,3±1 g) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em seis tanques de 250 L e alimentados com duas dietas práticas, ou com ingredientes de origem vegetal ou de origem vegetal e animal. Ambas as dietas foram suplementadas com 0,1% de óxido de cromo-III (Cr2O3). As fezes foram coletadas pelo sistema Guelph modificado. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram determinados pela diferença de teor dos indicadores internos, presentes nas dietas e nas fezes, e comparados, pelo teste de Dunnett, aos obtidos pelo uso de Cr2O3. A celulose foi efetiva na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da energia e dos nutrientes de ambas as dietas; e a fibra em detergente ácido foi efetiva apenas para a dieta que continha exclusivamente ingredientes de origem vegetal. A utilização de fibra bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose e lignina, como indicadores de digestibilidade, mostrou-se ineficiente quanto aos nutrientes analisados de ambas as dietas. Assim, a celulose é o indicador mais apropriado para a avaliação de digestibilidade em tilápia-do-nilo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the diet components - crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin - as internal indicators in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, and of the nutrients - crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acids - in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Groups of ten juveniles (80.3±1 g) were randomly distributed in six tanks of 250 L and fed two practical diets, either of a plant-origin diet or of a plant- and animal-origin diet. Both diets were supplemented with 0.1% chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3). Faeces were collected by the modified Guelph system. The apparent digestibility coefficients were determined by the content difference of the internal indicators, present in the diets and faeces, and compared by Dunnett’s test to those obtained by the use of Cr2O3. Cellulose was effective in the determination of the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of both experimental diets; and the acid detergent fiber was effective only for the diet composed exclusively of plant-origin ingredients. The use of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and lignin as digestibility indicators was inefficient for the analyzed nutrients of both diets. Therefore, cellulose is the most suitable indicator for digestibility evaluation in Nile tilapia.

The aim of this study was to identify the composition of the essential oil from leaves of Lippia sidoides (EOLS), a typical shrub commonly found in the dry northeast of Brazil, popularly known as “alecrim-pimenta”. Additionally, we investigated the nymphicidal, ovicidal, phagoinhibitory and excretion effects of EOLS, its major constituent thymol and its isomer carvacrol, on fourth instar nymphs and eggs of Rhodnius prolixus, the Chagas’ disease vector. The nymphicidal and ovicidal activity of thymol, carvacrol, and EOLS was assessed by tests using impregnated Petri dishes. The lethal concentration values (LC50) for EOLS, carvacrol, and thymol were 54.48, 32.98, and 9.38 mg/cm2, respectively. The ovicidal test showed that both carvacrol and thymol (50 mg/cm2) inhibited hatching (50% and 23.3%, respectively), while treatments with 10 mg/cm2 or 50 mg/cm2 EOLS did not affect the hatching rate at all (80% and 90%, respectively). We observed an anti-feeding effect in insects fed with blood containing natural products at the higher concentrations (100 µg/mL). Finally, excretion rate was affected by EOLS and carvacrol, but not by thymol. These findings offer novel insights into basic physiological processes that make the tested natural compounds interesting candidates for new types of insecticides.

Embora a produção de peixes em sistema orgânico seja crescente no mundo, no Brasil, ainda há poucos estudos sobre esta prática. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a utilização de trigo orgânico, em substituição ao milho orgânico, na dieta de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 200 juvenis (5,24 ± 0,13 g; 6,91 ± 0,40 cm), distribuídos em 20 hapas experimentais (0,15 m³ de volume útil), em tanque de concreto com capacidade para 25,0 m³ de água, com sistema de aeração constante, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Foram elaboradas cinco dietas contendo farelo de trigo orgânico (0,0 g kg-1; 50,0 g kg-1; 100,0 g kg-1; 150,0 g kg-1; e 200,0 g kg-1) e o arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia (08:00h, 11:00h, 14:00h e 17:00h). Foram avaliados a massa final, comprimento total, taxa de sobrevivência, ganho de peso diário, fator de condição de Fulton, gordura visceral, índice hepatossomático, índice viscerossomático e a composição centesimal da carcaça dos peixes (teores de umidade, proteína, lipídio e cinza). Os níveis de inclusão de farelo de trigo orgânico não afetaram as variáveis analisadas. O trigo orgânico pode ser incluído na dieta de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo até o limite de 200,0 g kg-1, sem causar qualquer problema produtivo.

Although the organic fish production is a growing practice in the world, in Brazil, there are just a few studies about it. This study aimed at evaluating the use of organic wheat, in replacement of organic maize, in the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles. A total of 200 juveniles (5.24 ± 0.13 g; 6.91 ± 0.40 cm) were distributed in 20 experimental hapas (0.15 m³ of useful volume), in a concrete water tank with capacity for 25.0 m³ and constant aeration system, in a completely randomized design. Five diets containing organic wheat middlings (0.0 g kg-1, 50.0 g kg-1, 100.0 g kg-1, 150.0 g kg-1 and 200,0 g kg-1) were elaborated and feeding took place four times a day (08:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 02:00 p.m. and 05:00 p.m.). Final weight, total length, survival rate, daily weight gain, Fulton's condition factor, visceral fat, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and the centesimal composition of fish carcass (moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents) were evaluated. The inclusion levels of organic wheat middlings did not affect the variables analyzed. The organic wheat can be added to the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles up to the limit of 200.0 g kg-1, without causing any productive problem.

The creation of the National Integrated Health System (NIHS) attempted to reverse the existing fragmentation and inequity in access, opportunity and quality of health care. Progressive implementation incorporating prioritized comprehensive providers of health services, which provide services at the three levels of complexity of care. Purpose: To visualize the situation of rural and community health services unincorporated to NIHS, its history and generate action-proposals, advocacy for integration into the NIHS and the development of Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC). Methods: Participatory-Action-Research, quantitative, qualitative, and collective analysis with participants. Conclusions: contribution to desinvisibilization of the community and rural health services situation, prioritization of rural health as public policy.

La creación del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) pretendió revertir la fragmentación e inequidad preexistente en el acceso, oportunidad y calidad de la atención a la salud. Su implementación progresiva priorizó la incorporación de prestadores integrales de servicios de salud que brindan servicios en los tres niveles de complejidad de atención. Propósito: visibilizar la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales no incorporadas al SNIS, su historia y generar propuestas-acciones de incidencia para su integración al SNIS y el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud Integral (APS-I). Métodos: Investigación-Acción-Participativa, cuantitativos, cualitativos, y análisis colectivo con población. Conclusiones: se contribuyó a la desinvisibilización de la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales, y a la priorización de la salud rural como política pública.

The creation of the National Integrated Health System (NIHS) attempted to reverse the existing fragmentation and inequity in access, opportunity and quality of health care. Progressive implementation incorporating prioritized comprehensive providers of health services, which provide services at the three levels of complexity of care. Purpose: To visualize the situation of rural and community health services unincorporated to NIHS, its history and generate action-proposals, advocacy for integration into the NIHS and the development of Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC). Methods: Participatory-Action-Research, quantitative, qualitative, and collective analysis with participants. Conclusions: contribution to desinvisibilization of the community and rural health services situation, prioritization of rural health as public policy.

La creación del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) pretendió revertir la fragmentación e inequidad preexistente en el acceso, oportunidad y calidad de la atención a la salud. Su implementación progresiva priorizó la incorporación de prestadores integrales de servicios de salud que brindan servicios en los tres niveles de complejidad de atención. Propósito: visibilizar la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales no incorporadas al SNIS, su historia y generar propuestas-acciones de incidencia para su integración al SNIS y el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud Integral (APS-I). Métodos: Investigación-Acción-Participativa, cuantitativos, cualitativos, y análisis colectivo con población. Conclusiones: se contribuyó a la desinvisibilización de la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales, y a la priorización de la salud rural como política pública.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência de dois níveis de energia digestível (3.250 e 3.500 kcal kg-1) em combinação a três níveis de proteína bruta (25, 30 e 35%) sobre o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi). Utilizaram-se 240 juvenis de jundiá com peso inicial de 95,55±6,70 g e 20,43±1,13 cm de comprimento total, distribuídos ao acaso em 24 tanques-rede (370 L cada) em delineamento fatorial com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia, à vontade. Ao final do período experimental, a análise fatorial de variância evidenciou influência significativa nos parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados. Foram observados melhor ganho de peso e comprimento final médios e menor deposição de gordura visceral nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 30% de proteína bruta e 3.250 kcal de energia digestível kg-1. Portanto, recomendam-se para juvenis de jundiá dietas que contenham no mínimo 30% de proteína bruta e 3.250 kcal de energia digestível kg-1 de ração.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two levels of digestible energy (3250 and 3500 kcal kg-1) in conjunction with three levels of crude protein (25, 30 and 35%) on the productive performance of catfish (Rhamdia voulezi) juveniles. Two-hundred and forty catfish juveniles with 95.55±6.70 g average weight and 20.43±1.13 cm total length were randomly assigned into twenty-four 370 L-cages, in a factorial arrangement with six treatments and four reptitions. Feeding was performed four times a day, ad libitum. At end of experimental period, the factorial analysis of variance showed significant influence with respect to the different parameters evaluated. The fish fed with diets of 30% crude protein and 3,250 kcal digestible energy kg-1 of diet presented the best results. Therefore, diets with at least 30% crude protein and 3,250 kcal digestible energy kg-1 are recommend for catfish juveniles.

Avaliou-se a exigência de proteína bruta (PB) e energia digestível de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) no período de 45 dias. Utilizaram-se 150 alevinos com peso médio de 0,40 ± 0,08 g, distribuídos em 30 aquários de 30 litros, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial 3 x 2, composto de três níveis de PB (25, 30 e 35% de PB) e dois de energia digestível (3.250 e 3.500 kcal de ED/kg), totalizando seis dietas e cinco repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas quatro vezes ao dia. O ganho de peso aumentou de forma linear, enquanto a conversão alimentar diminuiu, também de forma linear, de acordo com os níveis de PB. A energia digestível influenciou somente o ganho de peso, cujo melhor resultado foi observado nos animais alimentados com rações contendo 35.00 kcal de energia digestível. A conversão alimentar não foi afetada pelos níveis de energia digestível. Ocorreu interação entre os níveis de PB e ED para a composição corporal em umidade, proteína e lipídeos. Níveis de 35% de PB e 3.500 kcal de energia digestível proporcionam melhores resultados zootécnicos sem afetar a composição química da carcaça de alevinos de piavuçu, portanto, a relação energia:proteína indicada é de 10 kcal/g de PB.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the requirement of crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) in piavuçu fingerlings (Leporinus macrocephalus), for a period of 45 days. It was used 150 fingerlings with average weight of 0.40 ± 0.08g, distributed in 30 aquariums (30L) in a completely randomized design in a 3x 2 two-factorial scheme composed of three levels of crude protein (25, 30 and 35% of crude protein) and two levels of digestible energy (3,250 and 3,500 kcal of DE/kg), totaling six diets and five replicates. The rations were given four times a day. Weight gain linearly increased while feed conversion decreased, also in a linear fashion, according to crude protein levels. Digestible energy only influenced weight gain whose best result was observed on animals fed diets containing 3,500 kcal digestyble energy. Feed conversion was not affected by levels of digestible energy. A significant interaction occurred among CP and DE levels for body composition in moisture, protein and lipids. Levels of 35% of CP and 3,500 kcal of DE provide better zootechnical results without affecting chemical composition of carcass of piavuçu fingerlings, so the suggested energy:protein ratio is 10 kcal/g CP.

Bacteria, fungi and parasites are in constant contact with the insect gut environment and can influence different aspects of the host gut physiology. Usually, some of these microorganisms develop and survive in the digestive tract. Therefore, the gut environment must be able to tolerate certain populations of these organisms for the establishment of interactions between non-pathogenic bacteria, parasites and the gut. This review provides a brief overview of the biological and molecular mechanisms that microorganisms use to interact with the gut epithelia in mosquitoes and speculates on their significances for the development of bacteria and Trypanosoma cruzi in the guts of triatomines.

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de um complexo enzimático em dietas para tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) sobre o desempenho, a composição química da carcaça e a qualidade da água. Foram utilizados 200 alevinos revertidos (4,57 ± 1,24 g), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 20 tanques de 500 litros, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, considerando a unidade experimental uma caixa com dez peixes. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0; 0,033; 0,066 ou 0,099% de complexo enzimático. As dietas foram processadas na forma peletizada e fornecidas quatro vezes ao dia, às 8, 11, 14 e 17 h. Os valores médios de pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, fósforo total, amônia e nitrato da água de cultivo não foram influenciados pela dieta. A inclusão do complexo enzimático na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso, as taxas de sobrevivência e de crescimento específico, mas influenciou o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar, cujos valores foram maiores nos peixes alimentados com a dieta com 0,066% de complexo enzimático. Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de matéria seca, umidade, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, cálcio e fósforo na carcaça dos peixes, no entanto, o teor de extrato etéreo reduziu de forma linear com o aumento do nível de complexo enzimático. A utilização de complexo enzimático (amilase, protease, celulase, lipase, pectinase, xilanase, β-glucanase e fitase) no nível de 0,066% em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo piora a conversão alimentar, mas não influencia o desempenho e a composição corporal dos peixes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of an enzimatic complex in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, carcass chemical composition as well as water quality. The experiment was performed in 62 days. It was used two hundred reverted fingerlings (14.57 ± 1.24 g) distributed in a complete randomized design in 20 500 L-tanks with four treatments and five replicates, considering a box with 10 fish as a experimental unit. The fish were fed diets containing 0; 0.033; 0.066 and 0.099% of enzimatic complex. The diets were processed in peletized way and supplied four times a day (8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.) The pH average values, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, total phosphorus, ammonia and water nitrate of the cultivation were not influenced by the inclusion of the enzimatic complexin the diet. The inclusion of enzymatic complex in the diet did not affect weight gain, survival, and specific growing rate; however, it affected diet consumption and food conversion, whose values were greater for fish fed 0.066% of enzimatic complex diet. No differences were observed on dry matter, humidity, crude protein, mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus in the fish carcass, nevertheless, the ether extract decreased linearly as the level of enzymatic complex increased. The utilization of enzimatic complex (amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase, pectinase, xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase) at the level of 0.066% for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) worsens food conversion but does not influence performance and body composition of the fish.